Review of the quantitative and qualitative risk assessment approaches for deep foundation models-Paper

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This paper reviews qualitative and quantitative approaches to assessing landslide risk, with emphasis on geotechnical structures used for slope stabilization, including retaining walls and anti-slide piles. It outlines risk management as an iterative process involving hazard identification, probability and consequence estimation, vulnerability assessment, risk evaluation, mitigation, communication, and ongoing monitoring.<br /><br />The reviewed studies use methods such as remote sensing, field surveys, slope-stability and seepage models, Monte Carlo simulation, and large-deformation numerical analysis. A key development combines Subset Simulation (SS), which efficiently estimates the probability of a landslide affecting an exposed asset, with the Coupled Eulerian–Lagrangian (CEL) method, which models landslide movement before and after failure. These methods account for uncertainty and can assess potential impacts, though complex simulations are computationally demanding. Some applications simplify geological conditions and omit spatial variability.<br /><br />The Ganjingzi landslide case study in China combined deterministic geotechnical modelling with probabilistic analysis to evaluate risks under different reservoir water levels. Simulations assessed landslide-generated waves and their potential consequences for people and assets. Installing two rows of anti-slide piles substantially reduced individual risk: at a reservoir level of 175 m, it fell to 3.65 × 10⁻⁵—about 11.7% of the original risk—and at 145 m, it was reduced to zero.<br /><br />The review concludes that risk-based assessment can improve the design and effectiveness of landslide mitigation and support decisions such as monitoring or relocation. Reliable evaluations must address uncertainty in soil properties, environmental triggers, exposure, and vulnerability. Future research should improve the accuracy of risk models and further evaluate mitigation measures to develop safer, more resilient geotechnical structures.

Keywords

landslide risk assessment

geotechnical structures

slope stabilization

retaining walls

anti-slide piles

risk management

Monte Carlo simulation

Subset Simulation

Coupled Eulerian-Lagrangian method

probabilistic analysis