Testing and Evaluation of Residues as a Binder Component for Deep Mixing and Jet Grouting-Paper

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The study evaluated industrial residues as partial substitutes for conventional binders in soil improvement at Stockholm Norvik Port. The site contains large deposits of very soft clay, treated using dry deep mixing where clay reached the surface and jet grouting where it was covered by crushed rock. The goal was to identify cost-effective, lower-impact binder combinations that met strength requirements.<br /><br />For deep mixing, laboratory tests assessed cement, quicklime and lime kiln dust (LKD) at binder contents of 80, 100 and 120 kg/m³. Specimens were cured for 28 days at 7°C. Cement generally produced the greatest shear strength. All cement-treated samples met the minimum 200 kPa target; at binder contents above 80 kg/m³, several blends containing lime or LKD also met the requirement, offering scope to select more sustainable mixes. P-wave measurements from free-free resonant-column tests correlated well with shear strength.<br /><br />For jet grouting, tests examined cement, cement kiln dust (CKD), LKD and limestone filler in mixes with different clay contents. At 58% clay, the target was 3 MPa UCS after 28 days at 20°C. The all-cement recipe and a blend containing 70% cement and 30% CKD met the target; the blend with 80% cement and 20% LKD fell slightly short. Seismic testing confirmed the strength ranking, with the all-cement recipe strongest.<br /><br />Overall, the results show that residues such as LKD and CKD can be used in both deep mixing and jet grouting, potentially reducing cost and carbon emissions. Their practical use depends on local availability, quantity and transport distance, which can determine whether environmental benefits are retained.

Keywords

industrial residues

soil improvement

deep mixing

jet grouting

Stockholm Norvik Port

lime kiln dust

cement kiln dust

binder substitution

soft clay

sustainable ground stabilization