Transformation from Classical 2D to Digital 3D Thinking Process in the Design of Geotechnical Structures: Perspective of a Geotechnical ConsultantÂ-Paper

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The paper presents a work-in-progress approach for moving geotechnical design from traditional 2D drawings to digital 3D models. The authors argue that complex projects, tight schedules, and cost pressures make spatially accurate ground models and 3D design and analysis increasingly important. Digitalization should be problem-focused: teams develop workflows and tools suited to each project rather than relying on fixed rules.<br /><br />Three projects illustrate the approach. For a clinker silo and an LNG tank, highly variable depths to competent bearing strata made 3D geological models and soil–structure interaction analyses necessary. The models helped determine individual pile lengths, improve settlement and pile-force predictions, and optimize foundation designs. In the LNG project, the refined design saved about 1,300 metres of pile length, with construction measurements closely matching predicted lengths. A third project used parametric 3D modelling to design a constrained urban excavation near roads, a rail tunnel, and occupied buildings. The model helped identify spatial conflicts, adapt the design quickly, and communicate construction impacts to technical and non-technical stakeholders.<br /><br />The proposed workflow links four stages: collect and store field data; create and quality-check a digital subsoil model; develop parametric design and calculation models; and automate reporting. The cycle continues during construction, when site observations can update the models. In time, monitoring data could support a complete digital twin.<br /><br />Key lessons include the need for adequate ground investigations, expert review of automatically generated geological models, clear interfaces between software, and close collaboration among geologists, engineers, and digital specialists. Although establishing these processes requires considerable initial effort and specialist skills, the authors conclude that digital 3D design can improve accuracy, reduce costs and construction time, and strengthen communication.

Keywords

geotechnical design

3D modeling

digital twin

subsoil model

soil-structure interaction

parametric design

foundation optimization

pile length

ground investigations

construction workflow