The underwater concrete technology has historically evolved largely through a trial-anderror
process of constructing marine works. Many outstanding examples exist of high
quality concrete placed underwater. However, failures also occurred and led to excessive
cost and/or schedule overruns. These failures were largely due to improper concrete mix
design or improper placement. The problems may have occurred because proper
underwater concrete construction techniques and experience have not been widely
disseminated. This section focuses on technical issues of underwater concrete mix
design, concrete production and placement, and quality control.
Author: Sam X. Yao, Ben C. Gerwick, Inc.
Publisher: DFI